Objectives: To determine the prevalence and severity of dental caries in 1-6 year old children in a pediatric hospital in Chennai and to assess the risk factors associated with dental caries among them. Materials and methods:  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 70 children in the age group of 1 to 6 years from a pediatric hospital in Chennai, India. A pre-tested questionnaire which contained parents’ educational level, socio-economic status and various risk factors of dental caries was administered to the parents’ of the study participants to collect relevant data. Decayed, missing, filled  teeth (dmft) index  and  decayed, missing,  filled  surface (dmfs) index were used to collect the caries status of the study population Results: The mean age of the study participants was 4.01 years (±1.40). The study population constituted 58.6% of the male and 41.4% of the female.   There was statistical significant difference among the children in the number of sweets consumed with a p value of 0.05. There found to be a statistical significant difference in the mean dmft and mean dmfs value based on the number of sweets consumed by the children (p=0.05 & 0.01). There was statistical differencein the mean dmfs values among the study population based on gender with a p value of 0.02. The mean dmft value was found to be high among the female (9.97±5.5.6) compared to that of male (7.02±4.65) with a significant p value of 0.01 Conclusion:  This study indicates the need for cumulative preventive programs with a focus to bring behavioral changes in the frequency and number of consumption of sweets among the pediatric population. Parents have to be motivated to alter the diet pattern and positively modify the oral hygiene practices of the young children.

Macular clinics are becoming of the busiest clinics in eye units. A smooth flow of patients is required to manage the work load for patients and staff. It is essential to use necessary steps that has implication on clinical decision making and to abolish any unnecessary step that is like to hinder the smooth flow of patients. Authors describe their experience on what they find a good proforma to use in the macular clinics to facilitate the easy running of a busy service.

Toxoplasma. Gondii can produce psychotic symptoms similar to those displayed by persons with schizophrenia^. Some reports of acute toxoplasmosis in adults produce signs such as delusions and hallucinations also Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known as human herpes virus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2), are two members of the herpes virus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans are ubiquitous and contagious

In the East many traditional complementary and alternative medicines (TCAM) have flourished during the ages: traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Unani, traditional Japanese medicine (TJM), Ayurveda, etc. Though less known, also in the West, one tradition has asserted itself: Western Constitutional Medicine (WCM). All these ancient medicines have a common denominator: the idea of constitution. Scientific studies have always been concerned with this idea and have tried to identify its features. Several theories have been advanced trying to explain the reality of constitutions, with various successes. Quite recently, a new concept has emerged from biology: the fact that humans are metaorganisms (holobionts).  This new way of looking at humans promises to change medicine forever. In this framework, the two forms of classification (WCM and ABO blood grouping) could be seen as not mutually exclusive and can merged into an alternative medical system.  On the one hand, the ABO blood type divides humanity into four basic blood groups: A, B, AB and O.  This typology is based on glyco-chemical markers or determinants which have been lately demonstrated to influence health and disease.  On the other hand, WCM four biotypes (air, water, earth and fire) have always been in the collective imagination of the West. The proposed new system of medicine defines 16 basic constitutions of individuals based on physical and genetic features. The ABO-WCM system merges ancient medicine of the West with contemporary biological medicine. The resulting new system can aid in identifying the susceptibility to diseases and the necessary dietary advice to exalt the characteristics of each unique human holobiont. In this way, the goal of personalized medicine becomes more easily achievable.