Introduction: The objective of this study is to compare the outcomes of Modified Desarda repair no mesh and Lichtenstein repair for inguinal hernia.

Patients and Methods: This is a prospective randomized controlled trial study of 1242 patients having 1313 hernias operated from January 2008 to December 2018. 640 patients were operated using Lichtenstein repair and 602 using Desarda repair. The variables like age, sex, location, type of hernia, tolerance to local anesthesia, duration of surgery, pain on the first, third and fifth day, hospital stay, complications, re-explorations, morbidity and time to return to normal activities were analyzed. Follow up period was from 1-10 years (median 6.5 years).

Results: There were no significant differences regarding age, sex, location, type of hernia, and pain in both the groups. The operation time was 52 minutes in Modified Desarda group and 42 minutes in the Lichtenstein group that is significant (p<0.05). The recurrence was 0.0 % in Modified Desarda group and 0.3 % in Lichtenstein group. But, there were 8 cases of infection to the polypropylene mesh in the Lichtenstein group, 2 of this required re-exploration. The morbidity was also significantly more in Lichtenstein group (7,0 %) as compared to Modified Desarda group (3.6 %). The mean time to return to work in the Modified Desarda group was 8.26 days while a mean of 12.58 days was in the Lichtenstein group. The mean hospital stay was 29 hrs. in Modified Desarda group while it was 49 hours in the Lichtenstein group in those patients who were hospitalized.

Conclusions: Modified Desarda repair scores significantly over the Lichtenstein repair in all respects including re-explorations and morbidity. Modified Desarda repair is a better choice as compared with Lichtenstein repair.

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is a cyanotic inborn heart abnormality that is diagnosed by four main anomalies which includes pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding of aorta and right ventricular hypertrophy. ToF is frequently observed in newborns and should be screened for ToF, if there are any classical signs and symptoms are observed.

In the present case study, there is a  19 years old female patient hospitalized with  a chief complaints of chest pain and was been diagnosed with ToF  finally based on the  investigations such as ECG, Echocardiogram and some other clinical significances. The clinical management was done by necessary pharmacotherapy which improved the patient condition better. The patients had a same clinical signs and symptoms in her childhood and was not been screened for ToF, if she would have been diagnosed at early age and necessary pharmacotherapy/surgical intervention were made, the patient would not have suffered at early teenage.  Hence it is an alarm for all the physicians and other healthcare professionals to screen the patients for ToF in the early age group and induction of necessary pharmacotherapy/surgical intervention in order to minimize morbidity and mortality rate in early childhood/teenage.

Substance abuse is a maladaptive use of a drug, resulting in impairment of functioning or distress, as manifested by a failure to perform adequately at home, school or work. In Nigeria, a large number of the population mostly the youth buy drugs without any physician’s prescription. The aim of this study was to explore the perceived factors that lead to substance abuse among the youth in Gawon Nama area of Sokoto, Sokoto state, Nigeria. An exploratory descriptive qualitative design was used. Twelve youth between the ages 18 to 30 years who abuse different substances but were not in psychotic state were recruited using snowball and purposive sampling methods. Semi-structured interview guide was used to interview the respondents after obtaining an informed consent from the respondents. The interviews were audio taped and transcribed verbatim, the data was analyzed using content analysis. The findings of this study revealed that the most common factors that lead to substances abuse were availability and affordability of these substances. The implications for policy and future research were considered and recommendations were made based on the findings of the study such as the government and non-governmental organizations should provide job opportunities for the youth.